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Here's the whole idea, and almost nobody explains it to beginners this plainly. Your CPU — the actual chip in your computer — does not understand Java. It never will. It understands only its own machine code, a stream of numbers specific to that exact kind of chip. So Java gets there in two steps, not one:
Hello.java javac Hello.class java (the JVM) your CPU
---------- ──────────────► --------------- ──────────────────────► ----------
source code COMPILE STEP bytecode RUN STEP machine
(you write, (translate to (portable, NOT (JVM reads bytecode, code
text) bytecode) machine code) runs it on THIS chip) (chip-specific).java. A human can read it.javac (the compiler) translates that text into bytecode, saved as a .class file. Bytecode is not machine code and not human text — it's a compact, portable instruction set that no physical CPU runs directly.That middle layer is Java's superpower. Because bytecode is portable, you compile once and the same .class runs on any machine that has a JVM — Windows, macOS, Linux, a server in the cloud. That's the famous promise: write once, run anywhere.
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